Assuming that Magus Exemplus is standing over a clear pool, and he sees a fish 20 feet down, can he target that fish with a Voice range spell? The fish would be easily in Voice range if it were on the surface, but a shout above the water is inaudible to someone deep underneath it.
Neither can a deaf person hear Magus Examplus. Either can be affected, because R: Voice is not about who can hear you, unlike T: Sound.
Not necessarily, but it is greatly muted. I can recall as a child swimming underwater and barely hearing people shouting at me from the shore.
The issue here is that we have both real world physics (the majority of the sound is deflected when it hits the surface, the remainder moves much faster underwater) and what the mythic models will predict. Modern physics tells us that sound carries further in water but, as mentioned, largely reflects off the air-water barrier.
To a medieval model (which I don't know ever addressed the issue) I think my childhood observations would remain relevant. On the other hand my experiences in scuba, where it was easily noticeable that two hard objects tapping together could be heard at great distance, were likely far less common. I expect most period observation would believe that water muted, but did not stop sound, as most of the devices they were likely to experiment with (gongs, bells, whistles) do not work as well underwater and it would make sense that the ancients would conclude they had been muted.
So the range would likely be reduced, though by how much is likely a SG call, likely somewhere between 1/2 and 1/10.
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While Temprobe is correct about hearing, there is still the issue of how far it is considered to travel:
The range is based on the distance that the caster’s voice carries, not on whether the target can hear it.
Unfortunately, the two are mingled, as this distance is based on some good-hearing person being able to hear some sound from a distance. Based on that, I would say silveroak has the right approach, trying to figure out how far Medieval or Classical people would think sound travel from air to underwater based on how well they could hear. Due to the muting silveroak mentions, the distance would probably be considered reduced.
It's a great question with some interesting twists. Common experience is that sound is muted when it travels from one medium to another. In period no one would talk in terms of medium but air to water, water to air, listening to the ground to hear digging or far off sounds that can't be heard if you ear isn't pressing into the ground, sound being greatly muffled if the source is in a sealed bag or box without access to the open air and so forth seem like reasonable things that people would have observed.
So does range Voice magically give a radius equal to the distance that the voice could be heard in open air? Or is it the region in which the voice could be heard if there was an average working human ear at the point in question to listen for it? I'd go for the latter; the magus's shout is stopped by cave walls and thick prison doors, damped by muffling bags pulled over their head, and fairly ineffectual when trying to project it into water. The flip side is that I'd allow Voice to be larger at night near water as the common experience is that voices or noises do carry farther at night over water.
As for the difference between Sound and Voice I'd give Sound a slightly larger range (a sound carries farther then intelligible speech) but of course it is also slightly limited because it is based on actually hearing the sound instead of thinking about whether a person could hear the sound.
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I really do miss "Near" range. But I've subsumed that into a generalized passive-aggressive hostility that has me playing a mage with Performance Magic, an early form of the bagpipe, and Lightning Bolt.
So, to answer the OP, I'd lightning-bolt the fish.
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There's a "Voices in the Ocean" sidebar in the Maris of Tytalus section of Magi of Hermes which talks a bit about this, although more from a point of view of being fully submerged. Unfortunately I'm away from my books right now, so I can't remember / quote the exact details - could someone else dig them out?
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The relevant part would probably be this, which doesn't quite answer the question:
Note that sound
has a difficult time leaving the water, and
Voice-Range spells cast while submerged
can only affect targets in, or touching the
surface of, the water.
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